Biography Of James Harold Doolittle Raid - 871 Words

James Harold Doolittle lived from 1896 to 1993, died at age nighty-six year-old, and he dedicated almost eighty years in his life to aviation. Living through the First and the Second World Wars, Doolittle began his aviation career as an army pilot since he enrolled in the Signal Corps of the U.S. Army during the First World War. Doolittle soon found his talent and passion in aviation, which made him a famous pilot already in 1922 when he became the fist person who flew coast to coast in under twenty-four hours in the United States. In addition to his participation in aviation, Doolittle was the first to bring up the idea of flying through any conditions with obstacles to visibility, and he pioneered instrument flying and helped to develop instruments. Then in 1929, he took off, flew, and landed with only instruments, also known as â€Å"blind flight†. However, the event that made Doolittle household around the world was the Doolittle Raid, which was an aerial raid on the Japan ese homeland planned by him. By looking at the achievements of James Doolittle, people consider him one of the most important people in aviation. James Harold Doolittle was born on December 14th, 1896 in California; however, he spent his youth with his parents, Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa Cerenah Shephard, in Nome, Alaska. Eventually James’s mother and him left Frank behind and returned to California, where James attended and graduated from Manual Arts High School in 1914. James attended to the

The Politics of Turkish National Identity Essay - 1622 Words

The Politics of Turkish National Identity ?Modern Turkish National identity has been shaped by events that have taken place in the region throughout its history. The formation of the national identity can be attributed to two dichotomies of political thought and culture. Some people want to keep in line with Turkey?s modern history as a secular westernized country looking to join the European Union; while others hearken back to the days of the Ottoman Empire and wish to make Turkey a divided Islamic state. Conflict between those who consider themselves Turks and the Kurdish separatist party, a militant rebel force, has long shaped the changing Turkish national Identity. Today, Turkey in many ways has had ?to depart from a strict†¦show more content†¦The history of Turkey includes the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the modern Turkish language, and the Ottomans, who were a vast world power for centuries. This history culminated in the formation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 through the leadership and vision o f Mustafa Kemal. The goal of the new republic was to form a new country and society patterned after Western Europe. Kemal, the founder of Turkey, equated Westernization with the introduction of technology, the modernization of administration, and the evolution of democratic institutions (A Country Study). Kemal?s vision for Turkey embodied some ideas he instituted into the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. These ideas are republicanism, nationalism, populism, reformism, etatism[i], and secularism. ?Turkish society has changed due to a response to socioeconomic changes instituted by the secular government after 1923. Before the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish society was characterized by many illiterate farmers. 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Retailers Private Limited Small Business Enterprise

Question: Describe about the report on one particular small-scale retail organization Retailers Private Limited that operates in the heart of Manchester, United Kingdom? Answer: Introduction The modern business has witnessed a rapid growth among the small business sector. The demand for more small business enterprises are also increasing. There are several reasons that can be identified behind the rapid growth and expansion of this small-scale business firms. This report will throw light on one particular small-scale retail organization Retailers Private Limited that operates in the heart of Manchester, United Kingdom. Company Profile highlighting its respective strengths and weaknesses The organization Retailers Private Limited mainly deals with retail items of food and beverages. The organization was established in 2013. The total number of employees of the organization is around 24. The organization follows a simple structure of hierarchy. The chairperson, who is further followed by different levels of managers, occupies the top-level position. The different levels of managers include operational, financial, marketing and human resource managers. Among the rest 18 employees, 16 employees are sales executives and remaining two are office executives. The major mission and vision of the organization Retailers Private Limited is to gain a level of competitive advantage and surpass its local competitors. Since, it is a small-scale business organization; therefore, its primary objective is to maximize its margin of sales and its profit more than its existing competitors do. This will further ensure the sustainability of the respective organization. Ensuring the respective sustainability is the long-term goal of the organization Retailers Private Limited. The strength and weakness of the organization can be analyzed with the help of strategic tools of management (Gronum et al. 2012). The major strength of the organization lies in its quality of products and its respective pricing strategy. The organization has kept pricing strategy lower than its respective competitors in the market have. In addition to this, the organization is presently having a loyal base of customers who are repeatedly buying their products due to effective mode of customer service. However, it can be also deduced that the respective organization has several amount of weaknesses. The organization Retailers Private Limited cannot carry a large-scale business due to lower amount of sources. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that the turnover of employees of the organization is also on the higher side. Therefore, it is very difficult for the organization to increase their total amount of human resources in an effective manner. The expansion of the organization cannot also take place due to ineffective amount of financial and capital resources of the respective management of Retailers Private Limited. The organization also lacks in terms of operational resources like implementation of software like E-CRM, etc. In addition to this, the organization also faces several external threats on behalf of technology up gradation. The economy of United Kingdom also plays an effective part over the performance of the organization (Cowling et al. 2012). Competitive performance of the small-scale business organization The competitive performance of the organization Retailers Private Limited can be analyzed with its existing retail competitors of the market. It can be deduced that the sales figures of the organization in its last financial year were only 50,000 pounds. On the other hand, its nearby retail competitor has engrossed a total sale amount of 100,000 pounds. This further infers that the sales figure of its major competitor is almost the double of the respective organization. In addition to this, the organization Retailers Private Limited has only 24 employees, while its nearly competitor Honors Retailers have employee strength of 40 employees. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that the liquidity ratio of the organization is 1:2. The industry average is around 1:1. This further suggests that the organization lacks in terms of liquidity. Retailers Private Limited has failed to meet u with their short-term and long-term debt obligations. This is the reason why, their current liabil ities is higher than its assets. The profitability ratios of the organization Retailers Private Limited is also on the lower side. This is mainly because, the sales figures of the organization is low. This further infers that the labor efficiency and human resource efficiency of the retail organization is dull. This is a further result low production capability of Retailers Private Limited (Zortea-Johnston et al. 2012) Actions to be taken to overcome the weakness of small-scale retail organization Retailers Private Limited can take more than a few steps to overcome their weaknesses in terms of its competitors. The organization has to opt for short-term sources of finance to increase its financial capabilities or financial resources. This will further help the organization to improve their liquidity ratios by meeting their short term and long-term debts of the organization. Apart from this, the management of the organization needs incorporate a proper structure and culture to improve the efficiency and productivity of the respective organization. In addition to this, it can be also inferred that the organization has to formulate several strategies to increase their sales and profit margin of the organization. In addition to this, the organization may also have to increase their product range and their total number of employees in an effective manner. In addition to this, it can be deduced that the organization can produce more units of their respective products at low costs. Th is will further increase the sales figures of the organization. Apart from this, the organization also requires to cut down their operational costs to increase their profit margin. The retailer Retailers Private Limited is required to work on their strengths to overcome their weakness in an effective manner. They can also diversify their products into the segment of non-food retail items like clothing and accessories (Ackermann, Audretsch, 2013). Maintaining and strengthening the existing performance of the small-scale organization The organization Retailers Private Limited is required to maintain their existing performance in an effective manner. The organization is required to implement all the modern form of operational systems within their internal business environment. However, before that, the organization is required to procure financial funds for their expansion in an effective manner. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that the organization Retailers Private Limited is required to have a long-term business goals in terms of their profits and sales figures. This can only be done if it opts for expansion and diversification of its business. With limited number of resources, it will be an uphill task for the organization Retailers Private Limited to opt for expansion with a limited amount of resources. This can only be done if the organization works on their strengths and improve the quality of their respective products. In addition to this, the organization also requires to implement effective o perational resources like E-CRM to satisfy the needs and demands of the respective customers. The organization also requires attaining core competency and competitive advantage more than its competitors possess. In addition to this, it can be deduced that the organization can also take effective feedback from the customers to improve their performance in an effective manner. In addition to this, the organization Retailers Private Limited can increase their product width in order to maximize the present strengths in an effective manner. Areas of expansion for the given small-scale firm There are more than a few areas of expansion that the organization Retailers Private Limited can cater to increase their strengths in an effective manner. This can be in the form of product width and product range expansion in an effective manner. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that it can be deduced that if the organization increases its product width by catering into the new segment in the non-food retail items, then they can easily cater a wide segment of consumers and it can expand in a big manner. In addition to this, it can be deduced that the organization Retailers Private Limited may expand its total among of financial and operational resources. This will further improve the current ratio and quick ratio of the organization. The organization can also improve its sales figures and profitability ratios by cutting down the total amount of variable costs in an effective manner (Torri, 2012).The organization can also work on its brand image and brand equity in the loc al competitive market. Due to this reason, it is of great essence of the organization to outperform its competitors in the market. There is a huge scope for the organization Retailers Private Limited to maximize its total number of employees by expanding its stores in some other different locality. In addition to this, Retailers Private Limited needs to divide its short term and long term mission and measure their respective variances. In addition to this, the organization can also improve its supply chain and inbound logistics activities. This will further help them to deliver a better service to their customers in an effective manner. In this way, it can be opined that that the organization has a huge scope of expansion to compete with its local competitors. Review of the current plans and objectives of the small-scale organization Retailers Private Limited has several plans and objectives. This can be further divided into short term and long term objectives and goals. The overall list and objectives of the organization can be further evaluated with the assessment of the following table:- 1. Maximizing the total amount of revenue by 20 percent from the last financial year 2. To maximize the amount of financial and operating resources 3. To expand its branches in other different cities of United Kingdom 4. To recruit more people as sales executives 5. To diversify their business into non-food retail items effectively Table 1: Total number of objectives and goals of the organization Retailers Private Limited These are the primary objectives of the organization Retailers Private Limited that will further help the organization to surpass its local competitors. However, there are more than a few secondary objectives of the respective retail organization Retailers Private Limited. The secondary objectives and mission of the organization include improved of inbound logistics, supply and production management and redesigning its organization structure and organization culture. On the other hand, it is also important for the business organization to give a proper and effective service to the prospective customers. This can only be done if the organization can achieve its given objectives in an effective manner. In addition to this, the management of the organization Retailers Private Limited has redesigned its given objectives on the basis of the needs and requirements of the market (Stewart and Hitt, 2012). Revised plans of the small-scale organization to implement the changes There are more than a few objectives that the organization Retailers Private Limited has failed to attain in their short and long-run of operations. Apart from this, it can be further deduced that there are several objectives which the organization has also successfully achieved. This can be evaluated with the help of the following table:- List of the given objectives Successful/ Failed to achieve Maximizing the total amount of revenue by 20 percent from the last financial year No To maximize the amount of financial and operating resources Yes To expand its branches in other different cities of United Kingdom No To recruit more people as sales executives No . To diversify their business into non-food retail items effectively Yes Table 2: Variances of the given objectives and goals of the organization Retailers Private Limited It can be inferred that there are more than a few objectives that the organization Retailers Private Limited has failed to achieve. Therefore, the organization has to revise their plans to minimize the total number of variances of their given list of objectives (Rauch et al. 2005). It can be further inferred that the organization has to improve its production and operational efficiency in order to maximize the total production and selling units of the organization. It is deduced that if Retailers Private Limited is successful in maximizing its production and operational units, then they can effectively increase their total amount of sales. If the organization can improve its financial resources, then, they can utilize the total amount in the promotional activities. If the organization can carry out its activities based on effective word of mouth marketing, then its customer base will automatically increase. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that if the total amount of reven ue and total amount of customer base increases, then the organization Retailers Private Limited can easily expand its brands effectively. In addition to this, the hierarchical structure of the organization is also required to be improved with the existing work culture of the management (Zhang, 2012). Plan of action to implement the given changes of the small scale organization The organization Retailers Private Limited is required to implement a proper an effectively action plan to redesign the changes within the organization. The given action plan for the organization is required to be SMART. This further suggests that the organization needs to have a specific plan in terms of increase of sales and customer base. This can be done with effective customer service and increase of production efficiency of the organization. The organization can measure the change of the given changes. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that the given action plan for Retailers Private Limited is achievable in comparison with its respective competitors of the market. This is also realistic in terms of local market competitors of retail market of United Kingdom (Stokes and Wilson, 2010).The total time period of the given objective of the organization can be estimated as 18 months. The given objective of the action plan for Retailers Private Limited can be effectively man aged and implemented with full utilization of total amount of resources. If the resources can be utilized and procured, then expansion and promotion activities can be carried out by the small-scale organization. This can be further implemented with the below project management plan:- Total Activities 1-3 months 3-5 months 5-8 months 8-15 months 15-18 months Total allocation of resources and planning and coordinating of the organization Expansion of products and branches Extensive promotion of the products Carrying out the operational activities to increase sales and customer base of the organization Measurement and monitoring of the variances of the given objectives Table 3: Time table of the respective action plan of the organization Overall impact of the changes in the respective firm and also their personnel The above discussed changes will have an extremely positive effect on the small-scale firm Retailers Private Limited. In addition to this, if the total amount of financial and operational resources of the organization increases in a respective manner, then, the firm can utilize those resources in their promotional activities in an effective manner. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that if the total amount of promotional activities increases, then the sales figures and customer base will automatically improve effectively. Apart from this, it can be inferred that the organizational structure and culture of the organization will automatically improve. The firm Retailers Private Limited will also surpass its local competitor retailers by attaining a level of competitive advantage effectively. This will further enhance the brand equity of Retailers Private Limited (Bridge O'Neill, 2012). Management of changes in the small-scale business organization The process of change management is of great essence for Retailers Private Limited. This is mainly because, if the top-level management of the organization could not mange the respective changes, then, they cannot sustain in the long-run. In addition to this, it can be also inferred that that organization Retailers Private Limited needs to communicate with all the stakeholders of the organization to manage the respective changes. If they can use effective communication tools, then they can effectively manage the process of change management in comparison to its current local competitors. An effective change management model is required to be implementing by the respective organization. This can be through the process of unfreeze-change-refreeze. This can be further infers that if the organization can easily unfreeze the previous changes and implements the respective changes in an effective manner, then the change management process can be effectively managed by the management of Reta ilers Private Limited. This can be further inferred that proper internal and external communication tools in their internal and external business environment. In addition to this, it can be also deduced that there are several activities of the organization that can go wrong. For this reason, it is important for the respective business organization Retailers Private Limited to have a contingency plan to minimize the risk variances of the action plans of the objectives of the research. For example, if the sales of the organization do not go up by the respective percentage, then, the organization needs to keep a secondary plan to increase the sales or cost cutting of the various operational activities. The given contingency plan of the organization will further help the management of Retailers Private Limited to manage the overall variances of the change management system. This will further improve the sustainability of the small-scale retail firm (Quinn et al. 2013) Monitor of the improvements of the performance of the organization There are more than a few monitoring tools to monitor the respective business organization. These can be further inferred that these monitoring tools are in the form of financial statement analysis, primary data collection from the customers, management by objectives and comparison with the respective competitors. This will further help the organization to identify their respective variances in their internal and external activities of their respective organizations. The given tools of performance monitoring can further help the organization to take proper steps in order to minimize the variances in an effective manner (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Conclusion As a business consultant, the learner has redesigned the structure and operating activities of the small-scale firm Retailers Private Limited. The given action plan will be of great essence for the sustainability of the organization. This plan also has a contingency plan that will help the organization to minimize the different types of market and business risks. With the help of this, the small-scale firm Retailers Private Limited will effectively achieve their given strategic business goals. References Bridge, S., and O'Neill, K. (2012).Understanding enterprise: entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan. Stewart, A.,and Hitt, M. A. (2012). Why canta family business be more like a nonfamily business? Modes of professionalization in family firms.Family Business Review,25(1), 58-86. Gronum, S., Verreynne, M. L., and Kastelle, T. (2012). The Role of Networks in Small and Mediumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Sized Enterprise Innovation and Firm Performance.Journal of Small Business Management,50(2), 257-282. Cowling, M., Liu, W., and Ledger, A. (2012). Small business financing in the UK before and during the current financial crisis.International Small Business Journal,30(7), 778-800. Zortea-Johnston, E., Darroch, J., Matear, S. (2012). Business orientations and innovation in small and medium sized enterprises.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(2), 145-164. Ackermann, S., and Audretsch, D. B. (2013).The economics of small firms: A European challenge(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Rauch, A., Frese, M., and Utsch, A. (2005). Effects of Human Capital and Longà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Term Human Resources Development and Utilization on Employment Growth of Smallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Scale Businesses: A Causal Analysis1.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,29(6), 681-698. McAdam, R., Moffett, S., Hazlett, S. A., and Shevlin, M. (2010). Developing a model of innovation implementation for UK SMEs: A path analysis and explanatory case analysis.International Small Business Journal,28(3), 195-214. Quinn, J., Doorley, T., Paquette, P. (2013). Technology in services: rethinking strategic focus.Sloan Management Review, Win-ter1990QuinnWinterSloan Management Review1990. Poulton, C., Dorward, A., and Kydd, J. (2010). The future of small farms: New directions for services, institutions, and intermediation.World Development,38(10), 1413-1428. Stokes, D., and Wilson, N. (2010).Small business management and entrepreneurship. Cengage Learning EMEA. Cocca, P., and Alberti, M. (2010). A framework to assess performance measurement systems in SMEs.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,59(2), 186-200. Blanchflower, D. G., Levine, P. B., Zimmerman, D. J. (2003). Discrimination in the small-business credit market.Review of Economics and Statistics,85(4), 930-943. Bhaskaran, S. (2008). Relationship marketing and e-business. Barton, A.C.T.: Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2006). Principles of marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Poulton, C., Dorward, A., and Kydd, J. (2010). The future of small farms: New directions for services, institutions, and intermediation.World Development,38(10), 1413-1428. Lamb, C., Hair, J. and McDaniel, C. (2002). Marketing. Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western. Race, D. and Stewart, H. (2007). Private native forestry in new landscapes: challenges and opportunities in New South Wales. Small-scale Forestry, 6(2), pp.189-203. Torri, M. (2012). The jamu system: linking small-scale enterprises, traditional knowledge and social empowerment?. IJESB, 15(4), p.488. Van Putten, I. and Jennings, S. (2010). Modeling Forest Owner Harvesting Behaviour and Future Intentions in Tasmania. Small-scale Forestry, 9(2), pp.175-193. Venn, T. and Calkin, D. (2008). Challenges of Socio-economically Evaluating Wildfire Management on Non-industrial Private and Public Forestland in the Western United States. Small-scale Forestry, 8(1), pp.43-61. Zhang, Y. (2012). Future computing, communication, control and management. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Aloulou, W., and Fayolle, A. (2005). A conceptual approach of entrepreneurial orientation within small business context.Journal of Enterprising Culture,13(01), 21-45. Stokes, D., and Wilson, N. (2010).Small business management and entrepreneurship. Cengage Learning EMEA.

Retail Business Analysis

Table of Contents Introduction Background Generic marketing strategy Segmentation strategy Recommendation and implementation Conclusion References Introduction A market strategy in allows an organization to focus its resources to the most profitable of opportunities with the objective of maintaining and increasing sales and gain a competitive edge as against other similar or alternative competitor organizations. They are therefore a fundamental tool in every organization in as far as achievement of the market objectives is concerned. (Gupta and Lehmann 2005, p70-77)Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Retail Business Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Background The retail establishment specialized on the sale of electronic products majority of which were computers and communication devices such as cell phones. The retail outlet has a turnover of $50000 and has wide and characteristically differen tiated market. There are numerous similar stores that sell alternative or similar electronic products and therefore the market environment is highly aggressive and competitive. The establishment has a reliable supply source and is therefore able to cut on warehousing costs that are otherwise incurred by other retailers. It also has a resourceful labor force that is employed on a permanent basis hence reducing the unpredictability of casual and on demand labor. It has also managed to cut on its management overheads by implementing an impress system that has increased the level of accountability and reduced wastage. The establishment has also invested heavily in surveillance technology that has ensured that there is little or no loss from theft of products from the shelves. It has also allowed them to stock high value equipment, which is not available in other retail shops. The retail establishment has also partnered with an advertising company that purchases their products at discoun ted prices in return for constant and frequent advertising. This has ensured that the establishment acquires new markets every day and maintains leadership in the current market. Generic marketing strategy The internal and external factors in the establishment have led the manager to implement a cost leadership strategy. The strategy is motivated by the ability to cut down on costs and maintain a profit margin even at these low costs. The retile shop offers low prices on small value products. It also maintains leadership in the high value products by offering them at the same price as all others but with warranties of varying periods. Segmentation strategy Market segmentation is segregating the customer base into groups of similar interests or needs (Goldstein 2007, pp 2-30). The electronics market has a complicated need base and therefore presents a great challenge in as far as segmentation is concerned. The establishment has therefore segmented the customers by the price.Advertisi ng Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This therefore means that there are two main categories of customers, these who buy low value products and those who buy high value products. Low value products are those whose price is below $2000 awhile the high value products are those whose value is above $2000. These customers receive different treatment in as far as price and discounts are concerned. Recommendation and implementation The marketing and market segmentation strategies fall just in line with the position of the establishment in as far as internal and external factors are concerned. The strategy therefore is just convenient for the business as it is in the short run. The organization however has the opportunity to explore more avenues by either altering or improving the current strategy. The market segmentation strategy should include a third category of customers who purcha se products valued between $ 2000 and $10000. The current strategy allows a discount to low vale products since these products require little or no repair after purchase. The high value products on the other hand attract a warranty in the alternative of a discount due to their nature and disposable life. The customer is therefore more likely to go for a product with a warranty as opposed to that with a discount. However the consumers of products whose value is between $ 2000 and $10000 are at the point of indifference and will therefore either go for a product with a warranty or a product with a discount whichever is more beneficial. This means that the establishment looses a considerable number of customers. The alternative approach would be to grant this third category of customers a partial discount and a partial warranty. This ensures that the customers benefit either way. Conclusion The organization ha effectively managed t implement the cost leadership strategy and has a good chance at improving its market segmentation. Implementation of the alterative strategy will increase the consumer base as well as increase the sales revenue. References Gupta, S. and Lehmann, R. (2005). Managing Customers as Investments: The Strategic Value of Customers in the Long Run. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education/Wharton School Publishing, pages 70-77.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Retail Business Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Goldstein, D. (2007). â€Å"What is Customer Segmentation?† New York, NY. Retrieved from http://www.mindofmarketing.net/2007/05/customer-segmentation-why-exactly-does.html This research paper on Retail Business Analysis was written and submitted by user Geraldine Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cross culture communication

Setting the stage The easy is a critical examination of my account about cross-cultural communication. Globalization is thought of as various mechanisms or processes that aim at creating and consolidating a unified world in terms of economy and culture characterized by a complex link of information sharing that is world wide (Adler Gundersen, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross culture communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Tayeb, 1994 culture has been thought as the way things are done within a given setting and refers to norms, beliefs, values and attitudes which play a part in determining how individuals or a group in an organization behaves. Culture include such factors as the relationship between the organization and its customers, suppliers, type and level of collaborative decision making, the pace and steps followed in making decisions, level of controls and formality, risk t olerance, rewarding performance to mention but a few (Ohame, 1990) People are travelling across the globe more than ever in history. For that matter, one’s next-door neighbour is more likely to be from a different cultural background. Similarly, ones next business trip can be anywhere from Kenya to Finland. Sharing information across cultures usually starts with a basic comprehension that one size does not fit all. However, the issue of cultural difference hinders effective communication between and among individuals from distinct cultural backgrounds. Cultural differences have seen to it that a number of business deals have hit a snag since communication impeded with differences in cultures. A number of communication challenges in the UAE include language barrier; it is worth noting that the region is Islamic dealing with partners from the west is a times challenging. However, majority of the organization have strived to incorporate English. On the same note, meetings may or may not start at the exact time this might make westerners uncomfortable. The behavioural constraint such as non-verbal communication, personal distance as well as the manner with which individual express themselves verbally has proved to be a communication challenge since there is bound to be misinterpretations.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the United Arabs Emirates culture, personal space should be maintained between the two genders even in business meeting, while for other cultures it may consider not important. Men stand closer to women it could be unacceptable concept in this country. On the other hand, Handshaking is the best way for greeting in the business meeting. In the UAE being from an Arabic background, women do not shake hands. Additionally, the manner with which we dress might look unofficial to people in the western countries. I consider majority of the region’s business organization to have a culture of high-context in which we use less explicit and more indirect language (Moran, Harris Moran, 2009). In my work place and in most of the business deals we heavily rely on body language, the manner with which we greet, seat as well as interpersonal relationship (Heather Kylie, 2007). Case description Being a woman with a strong Asian background, I felt uneasy in my first business meeting with our American partners. The negotiation took place in the UAE. One of the first challenges I noted was that time was of essences to Americans. To them business is business but in the UAE business talks takes more of a social setting in which entertainment plays an important role. I felt it was a ssign of disrespect to the way we tackled the issue of time as most of them openly expressed their displeasure. I was unable to effectively communicate since the men were dominating the meeting. I was embarrassed by the manner with which ou r partners expressed their emotions. Being from an Eastern culture, I exhibited high-context verbal communication while the American counterparts exhibited low context verbal communication accompanied by ‘strange’ expression of emotions. The Americans wanted a deeper explanation of every word said, this made me feel that the Americans are not taking the responsibility in keeping up their knowledge base and remain plugged into informal network. To me it looked childish to give in-depth information about an ‘obvious’ point.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross culture communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More I was taken aback by the way in which the Americans exhibited their anger, frustration, fear and feeling. For instance one of the members yelled ‘damn, that is fucking good’ this surprised me and I took it as lack of respect. Another area of concern especially havi ng in mind that I come from an Islamic nation and that am a woman, is the association or behaviour constraint. I found it strange when the Americans wanted to shake my hands; as if this was not enough it was evident that they could not mind a hug. However, based on my religious culture, I feel embarrassed in the meeting as several men extended their hands to me; I was forced to apologize to them that I couldn’t shake their hands. I saw expression of surprises from their faces while some took it personal and could not associate with me in a friendly manner. There was an instance that my views were harshly commented on and this left me feeling less confident of myself. As this was my first meeting, all the American business partners were looking directly in my eyes when I was talking; when people maintain eye contact with me especially men makes me feel embarrassed. I expected members in the meeting to identify with and work well in groups, which protect them in exchange for lo yalty and compliance. This was not the case with our partners; they seemed to be individualist in ideas that made me conclude that the business deal we were trying to strike would hit a snag. Based on my understanding personal space opts to be maintained especially between the two sexes even in business settings. However, during the meeting with our American counterparts, I was left without words when during the meeting and breaks some sat or stood too close to me and were even trying to pat my shoulders when we were talking. This made me feel uneasy and concluded that these men do not have respect for women. Similarly I was astonished with the manner with which I was being addressed after the meeting. I was not shown the ‘respect’ I deserved as some of the American members just passed me. On the same note, those who came close to me talked in a very informal manner which showed no distinction in power.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on Hall’s theory of cross cultural communication, I was amazed with the manner with which the American were very much concerned with following laid down procedures are rules during negotiation. This did not give me the environment I am used to where business meeting entails some informal aspect. Similarly, I always believed that the words of a manager were unquestionable and thus were final. I felt agitated when my views were severally put into question. Lessons learnt One important lesson learnt is that we all have distinct cultures that we hold dear to us which might impede communication across cultures. Similarly it is important that communication goals be absolutely linked to companies’ objectives as well as strategies this will help in effective communication. On the same note being aware of ones culture is not enough; one needs to be aware of the others culture tied not only to communication. This is with the understanding that different cultures have envir onments that function in a different way from ours (Tayeb, 1994). Although being fully Knowledgeable about different cultural practices and worldviews can be challenging, I have learn that striving to have some knowledge will help one to be able to effectively communicate with people from diverse cultural background. Similarly developing a positive cultural attitude is of essence as it will offer one an avenue to learn more about a given culture. Additionally, I have noted that when I treat people in a respectful manner they will always remember it just as they remember insults. This came into limelight when I politely told my American counterpart about shaking hands, and the personal distance between the genders. This usually goes an extra mile in cementing the relationship between partners as understanding is attained. Aside from our skin colour and audiences we all belong to one being, the American just like majority of us in the Eastern world care about our families, watch TVs a mong other similar things. Lastly, keeping things simple in business deals is key in striking a good deal (Ohame, 1990). It was from my experience with the Americans that I changed my notion of maintaining eye contact and letting the others from a different culture know my views in the most respectful manner. Solutions and recommendations A major solution to the problem faced in cross culture communication is to have a full understanding of one’s culture. This is then to be closely followed by an understanding of diverse cultures across the globe. This will help individuals to be in harmony with others when dealing with individuals from different cultural background. Since maintaining eye contact has proved an important part of communication, I will strive to ensure that I take the same positively. Another solution to this problem is to listen actively and talk less; this involves a close examination of both verbal and non-verbal communication. This will help in making me sen sitive to a wide range of behaviours in communication. Similarly, adopting an open mind to views of others will go an extra mile in making communication between different cultures more effective. Being able to acknowledge that there is no wrong or right culture; employees will be able to respect others’ culture. Similarly, personal efforts to gain culture awareness are paramount. With the advent of computers and presence of internet, an employee can learn about what American, German, French, among others like or dislike during communication. From the organizations’ point of view, there is need for it to have initiatives that will help employees learn about foreign cultures. One way to do this is to arrange meetings with prospect people teach workers about culture shock, support or offer employees sponsorship to learn in foreign countries among others. Conclusion From the review of cross-cultural communication, we will continue to see more interconnectedness hence conti nuous meeting of people from varied cultural background. There is no single culture that is wrong or right as the same plays role in shaping how individuals communicates. Those in the business world have only one solution, to learn the cultures of others so that they will be in harmony when they engage in negotiations. This must start by individuals being fully aware of their own cultures. Similarly, organizations have a bigger role to have in place initiatives to foster employees’ awareness of other cultures. This will enhance striking of business deals with ease hence a competitive advantage to an organization. References Adler, N. Gundersen, A. 2008. International dimensions of organizational behaviour (5th Ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western. Heather, J. Kylie, M. 2007. Communication across cultures: Mutual understanding in a global world. Oxford University: Oxford University Press. Moran, R., Harris, P. Moran, S. (2009). Managing global differences: Global leadersh ip strategies for the 21st Century. Oxford: Elsevier Press. Ohame, K. 1990. The borderless world, New York: Fontana. Tayeb, M. 1994. â€Å"Organizations and national culture: Methodology considered†. Organization Studies. 15(3) Pp. 429-446. This essay on Cross culture communication was written and submitted by user Ava Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Cross Culture Communication

The Naked Ape Essays - Human Behavior, Behavior, Abnormal Psychology

The Naked Ape Essays - Human Behavior, Behavior, Abnormal Psychology The Naked Ape In The Naked Ape, Desmond Morris provides an alternative explanation of the causative factors underlying various human behavior patterns and societal and cultural activities. He develops his theme around such human activities as feeding, grooming, sleeping, fighting, mating and care of the young. He compares human traits and behaviors with those exhibited by animals, mainly the primates, in like activities. His point is that understanding the evolutionary source of many behaviors can throw new light on understanding the complex nature of the human species. Morris begins by examining the evolution of the mammals, from the earliest insectivores to the latest carnivores, detailing the survival characteristics which led to the success of some species over others. He provides great detail on the development of the nearly naked carnivorous 'hunting ape' from the fruit eating primate group. He presents a thorough discussion of sexual behavior, stressing the similarities between human 'rituals' and primate behaviors. Tracing the three characteristic sexual phases of pair formation, pre-copulatory activity, and copulation, the evolutionary process which lies at the root of modern human sexual behavior is clearly laid out. Similarly, he examines human child-rearing, and provides interesting insights into non-verbal communication and body language between mother and child. The role of exploratory behavior in the basic survival patterns of feeding, fighting, and mating, as well as its importance to an individual's social adjustment, is detailed. Morris analyzes thoroughly our human aggressive urges, as always providing examples of animal behaviors which serve as an objective base upon which to understand why we act as we do. In addition to territorial and social dominance aggressive behaviors, he describes the actual mechanics of aggression, both physiologically and behaviorally. Both displacement activity and appeasement activity are explored in detail. He concludes by examining human feeding and comfort behaviors and mankind's relationships with animals. Throughout the book he stresses that as a species, man is a simple biological phenomenon subject to all the basic laws of animal behavior. He feels that it is important to the survival of the human species to understand itself and the limitations implicit in being a 'naked ape'. Morris admits that he perhaps over-stresses the biological/zoological slant of his thesis, but even so his concepts are capably and logically developed. I found it easy and fascinating to recognize myself (and others) in almost every behavioral situation he describes. One very important point to keep in mind about Morris' book is that he is exploring 'normal' social behavior, not abnormal behavior. He has taken almost every aspect of man's everyday life and shown, acceptably and believably in my opinion, that in many cases human behavior can be understood in terms of our evolutionary roots.

CSR strategy in the oil and gas industry Term Paper

CSR strategy in the oil and gas industry - Term Paper Example Presently, most of the oil drilling companies have set shop in hostile waters, deeper in the sea, which has resulted in numerous achievements over time in the industry. Petroleum is a crucial element to the economy with numerous applications across all industries, and it is, therefore, critical to maintain the supply to drive the global economy. Apart from driving the global economy, the industry provides employment opportunities to thousands of worker around the world. In the United States, the industry provides employment to about 9 million people, which accounts for 5% of the country’s total employment. In addition, oil and gas industry tops the list of revenue generation through taxation, and its contribution to the national economy was over $1 trillion in 2007, about 7.5% of the US gross domestic product (COGA, n.d.). Among the key players in the oil and gas industry in the US include Exxon Mobil Corporation, British Petroleum, Chevron Corporation, Total, and Royal Dutch Shell among others. This Corporation was formed in 1999 following a merger between Exxon and Mobil, to form the largest company in the world (Corporate Watch, n.d.). The merger was aimed at consolidating the economic position of both companies in the oil and gas industry, and enhances the company’s ability to remain an effective competitor in a highly volatile global economy. The Exxon Mobil Corporations net worth is over $264 billion, which makes it the largest in the oil and gas industry (BERA, 2010). Individual companies allied to the merger have been actively involved in heavy exploration and development around the world, with drilling expeditions in the Middle East, Gulf of Mexico, Asia and Africa. The company specializes in the extraction, manufacture and marketing of petroleum and other petroleum products. The corporation holds a sizeable deal of resources that aid in the refining and marketing of its products, with affiliated companies